Knowledge

The High Court’s recent decision in Cameron and Others v Network Rail Infrastructure Limited [2006] EWHC 1133 (QB) provides some comfort to regulated utilities as to their possible status as hybrid public authorities under the Human Rights Act.
Background

While the UK has seen the introduction of wide ranging freedom of information laws over the last two years, the EU remains veiled from its citizens behind its own rules for public access to documents.  The recent judgment of Franchet and Byk v the Commission highlights the ongoing disparities between domestic and EU law. Freedom of Information in the UK
The UK has opened its public bodies to increased public scrutiny in recent years in line with other countries across the world such as the USA, Canada and New Zealand. 

Procuring and implementing an ICT system within an organisation can be a stressful task. High profile failures in both the public and private sectors hit the headlines all too often. The National Audit Office’s report last month on the £6.2bn NHS IT upgrade in England put many of the challenges firmly in the spotlight.

The Employment Tribunal has jurisdiction to hear breach of contract claims and can award damages of up to a maximum of £25,000.  A question which has arisen in case law in recent times is whether an individual whose breach of contract claim is assessed at more than £25,000 damages in an Employment Tribunal can recover the excess over £25,000 in a claim brought in the civil courts. 

Often, the first thing that springs to mind when a landlord is faced with a defaulting tenant is to irritate the lease, get the offending tenant out, and re-let the premises. While this may turn out to be the best course of action, the recent Court of Session case of Marcus Dean t/a Abbey Mill Business Centre v Tony Russell Freeman serves as a reminder to landlords to review the situation before serving a notice to irritate to the tenant, as otherwise they may well find that the effect of the notice is not what they had intended.

Much has been written in the press recently about the extent of the public’s entitlement to exercise rights of access over land owned by others, under the so-called “right to roam” legislation. Such rights can be exercised for recreational or educational purposes, or for commercial activities of a type which can also be carried on uncommercially.  But what about exercising rights of access to get to your own land over someone else’s property?

The Court of Appeal in Blockbuster Entertainment Ltd v James has held that it will be extremely unusual and only in exceptional circumstances that a claim that has reached the point of a full tribunal hearing will be struck out, even where the claimant has behaved unreasonably. Rule 18 of the employment tribunal rules provides that a claim may be struck out by a tribunal of its own motion or on the application of either party for one of the following grounds: 

The Employment Appeal Tribunal in Moyhing v Barts & London NHS Trust has held that an NHS Trust discriminated against a male nurse who was required to have a female colleague present when administering an ECG to a female patient.

Following the Stadt Halle, Commission v Austria and Parking Brixen cases last year the European Court of Justice (“ECJ”) has provided further clarification on in-house awards in Carbotermo SpA v Comune di Busto Arsizio, AGESP SpA C-340/04.
The ruling discusses the tests (set down some years ago in the Teckal case) that must be met by a contracting authority before it can sidestep the public procurement rules and award an ‘in-house’ award, e.g., to its own services divisions.

It may sound trite to suggest that you should “say what you mean” in missives for the purchase of property, but the recent Sheriff Court decision of Park Lane Developments (Glasgow Harbour) Limited v Jeffrey Jesner illuminates the dangers of ambiguous drafting.

Prior to 1 October 2005, harassment was not defined within the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (SDA) and was viewed as a form of indirect discrimination. The Employment Equality (Sex Discrimination) Regulations 2005 have changed this by inserting a new section 4A into the SDA, which defines harassment as being either:

Unwanted conduct on the ground of the claimant’s sex; or
Unwanted conduct of a sexual nature.

In either case, the conduct must have the purpose or effect of:

The ECJ has held in the conjoined cases of Robinson-Steele v PD Retail Services, Clarke v Frank Staddon Ltd and Caulfield & others v Hanson Clay Products Ltd that rolled up holiday pay is precluded by the Working Time Directive. However it also ruled that any payments already made in respect of holidays under a rolled-up holiday pay scheme can be set-off against the payments due during the holiday.

As the number of recent cases appearing before the courts relating to parking issues and disputes bears out, having the ability to park near your property is something of an emotional issue, and one on which people are quite prepared to litigate. Several cases over the last two or three years have considered whether or not a servitude right of parking could be said to exist, but in the recent Sheriff Court case of Holms v Ashford Estates Limited, title to the parking space in question had actually been given, and a right of access to the space granted.

A brand is the public face of every business and one of its most valued assets. As more and more businesses operate at an international level, so the importance of protecting their brand internationally increases.
The value of a brand can far outweigh the other tangible assets of a business. In some cases, the top global brands can account for as much as 75% of their organisation’s total stock market value.

Brussels will be on holiday from this Thursday to next Tuesday
Ministers could decide to suspend EU aid to the Palestinian Authority, after a government led by the islamist Hamas movement took office last week.  Hamas has so far not met EU demands to recognise Israel, renounce violence and accepted the peace process, all of which have been mentioned as conditions for EU aid to continue. But some member states are concerned that a withdrawal of aid could lead to instability and let states like Iran gain influence.

Supermarket chain Asda has been ordered to pay a total of £27,750 in compensation to 37 Asian workers for racial discrimination. It transpired that a manager at the Lutterworth branch in Leicestershire called out their “foreign sounding names” over the public address system in an attempt to ensure that the company was not employing illegal immigrants. The manager asked the employees to produce documents to prove they had the right to work in Britain, despite the fact that several of the employees had been with the company for 18 years.

A recent Outer House case, Burgerking Ltd v Rachel Charitable Trust considered whether it was reasonable for a landlord to refuse consent to a sublease where the tenant proposed to pay the subtenant an excessive reverse premium. Lord Drummond Young held that where it is proposed that a reverse premium will be paid to a subtenant and the premium is “greatly beyond” what could be said to be compensation for the difference between the passing rent and the market rent, it is not unreasonable for a landlord to refuse consent to the sublease.

Background

The BBC reported this week that the fast food chain McDonalds were piloting a scheme whereby two members of the same family could substitute for each other’s shifts without notifying or seeking the consent of management. The McDonalds suggest this scheme is “the first of its kind” in the UK.

There are various situations where employees might consider themselves having two employers: an employee on secondment to another employer, an employee who is hired by another employer to perform services or an employee who provides consultancy services to another employer.

French Connection Limited has retained the right to use its controversial FCUK trade mark after the UK Trade Mark Registry ruling of 20 December 2005 which rejected claims that the application of the trade mark should be declared invalid as contrary to principles of public morality.

On 13 December 2005, the European Court of Justice (“ECJ”) ruled that Marks and Spencer plc (“M&S”) could claim group tax relief from UK tax authorities in relation to the losses incurred by its European subsidiaries.

The judgement of the House of Lords delivered on 15 December 2005 in
Percy v Church of Scotland Board of National Mission has overturned the
Court of Session, Employment Appeal Tribunal and Employment Tribunal to
hold that for the purposes of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 a
minister of religion was an “employee”.

The Civil Partnership Act 2004 came into force on 5 December 2005 amid significant publicity, not to mention celebrity. Civil partnership provides a means of legal equalisation for same-sex couples, giving legal recognition to partners of the same sex, who want to enter into long-term interdependent relationships.  The change in the law has implications for property transactions, as well as tax, inheritance and succession, pensions, social security and family law.

The Scottish Executive has published practical guidance for
professionals on the application of the provisions of the Tenements
(Scotland) Act 2004, and certain of the provisions of the Title
Conditions (Scotland) Act 2003 in relation to the management and
maintenance of common property.  Although primarily aimed at
professionals advising owners of flats in tenements, it will also be of
value to those dealing with commercial tenement properties, or those in
mixed use, as the Tenements (Scotland) Act applies to all tenemental